Guidelines For Reducing Drunk Driving - 1205 Words

Jovon Alexander Spring 2016 Paper 3 4/20/2016 Solutions to Reduce Drunk Driving Over the years in New Orleans, drunk driving was 50% of the reason for deaths that occurred in the city. The Council of the greater New Orleans job is to prevent the alcohol and drug abuse that goes on in the city of New Orleans to promote a safe environment for the families, individuals, and safe communities (linkedin.com). The definition of drunk driving is defined as operating a motor vehicle while one s blood alcohol content is above the legal limit set by statute, which supposedly is the level at which a person cannot drive safely (thefreedictionary.com). Everyone agrees that drunk driving is a dangerous thing in America and it is harming innocent people. My job is to give you solutions on how drinking and drinking can be stopped. The recent drunk driving accident happened on March 12th of this year. A lady name Jennifer Hanks age 38 was crossing a street when she was seriously injured by a drunk driver (nola.com). Her sister Catlynn Paige watch ed the surveillance video of a car hitting her sister about 6 times (nola.com). She was hit by a man named Luis Delatorre age 59 which this accident was his second DUI that he received since 2008. His bond was a low $7,500 which people say that this was another slap on the wrist. That situation brings me to my first solution which is engineering technologies. The ignition interlock device is one of the technologies that can be installed inShow MoreRelatedFourth Amendment Protections And Denials1299 Words   |  6 Pagesthe front yard is not directly invading ones house or belongings. It can be used to help obtain a warrant to conduct a search of the house for drugs. Although the use of the dogs is not a direct invasion of privacy, the courts should place certain guidelines and restrictions for this activity to insure that the dog actually smelt drugs and that there were several witnesses who support the dogs’ findings. The use of dogs can help law enforcement obtain warrant s in drug cases that they had very littleRead MoreThe Effect Of Latest Laws On Texting And Driving2779 Words   |  12 PagesIntroduction Recent laws outlawing texting while driving have become ambiguous, under-inclusive and enforce light punishments that cannot be deterred. These laws also empower the police to carry out warrantless search for the cell phone of the driver. Texting while driving is highly dangerous and people doing so must be punished strictly, license suspensions, interlock devices preventing the usage of cell phones while driving and possible jail time (Arrigo, 2014). This particular paper is an attemptRead MoreThe Ethical Implications Of Autonomous Vehicles1911 Words   |  8 Pagestransformation in the relationship between humans and machines. It is important that we consider the ethical implications of having vehicles operate without the control of humans. While some of the benefits are obvious, there may be some drawbacks to self-driving cars, and we must evaluate the consequences having completely autonomous cars. This paper analyzes the consequences, both good and bad, from a utilitarian stand point to determine if it is morally ethical for cars to be autonomous. Engineers, car manufacturersRead MoreLegalizing Marijuana, An Ethical Perspective2400 Words   |  10 Pagesirresponsible to provide such substances to children. Another principle includes restrictions on driving while under the influence of marijuana. NORML stated, â€Å"Although cannabis is said by most experts to be safer than alcohol and many prescription drugs with motorists, responsible cannabis consumers never operate motor vehicles in an impaired condition† (NORML, 1996, para, 6). Therefore, the no driving principle is implied. These are two of the most significant principles presented by NORML. Read MoreChild Abuse And Neglect Data System1521 Words   |  7 Pagesmonths prior to his death CPS was involved when suspicion raised after a broken leg, which was deemed an accident. James Manywhitehorses, a two year old with autism, was beaten to death by his mother in 2008. His mother, Summer, was arrested for drunk driving with her 11 year old daughter in the backseat. Summer Manywhitehorses was arrested and her daughter taken into foster care. During that time Child Protective Services began their search for James when his mother, Summer, finally admitted to policeRead MoreThe Nightmare of Prohibition Essay1690 Words   |  7 PagesProhibition Act, determined intoxicating liquor as anything having an alcoholic content of more than 0.5 percent, excluding alcohol used for medicinal and sacramental purposes. The act also set up guidelines for enforcement. Prohibition was meant to reduce the consumption of alcohol, therefore reducing the rates of crime, death rates and poverty (Poholek, 2). However, some of the United States communities had already prepared for Prohibition. In the three months before the Eighteenth Amendment becameRead MoreProhibition Essay1739 Words   |  7 PagesProhibition Act, determined intoxicating liquor as anything having an alcoholic content of more than 0.5 percent, excluding alcohol used for medicinal and sacramental purposes. The act also set up guidelines for enforcement. Prohibition was meant to reduce the consumption of alcohol, therefore reducing the rates of crime, death rates and poverty (Poholek, 2). However, some of the United States communities had already prepared for Prohibition. In the three months before the Eighteenth Amendment becameRead More The Impact of Lowering the Drinking Age on State University Essay4145 Words   |  17 Pagesresponsible enough to drink† (Mantel). Because of this, many states followed up by lowering their minimum legal drinking ages to 18 or 19 years old. After Mothers Against D runk Driving was founded in 1980, however, people began pushing for stricter laws at higher levels. In 1984, because of the pressure from Mothers Against Drunk Driving, Congress enacted the Minimum Uniform Drinking Age Act. This required that a portion of federal highway funds be withheld from states that did not raise their minimumRead MoreProhibition in America: The Rights of Individuals vs. the Responsibilities of a Nation 1612 Words   |  7 Pageseradicate drunkenness, and to sweep off by one operation the whole train of ugly vices of which it is the foster father† is a quote from Chamber’s Edinburg Journal in 1834. This quote refers to the early ideas of temperance movements, which involved reducing the amount of intoxicating substances in order to reduce the negative outcomes that they often create. This was clearly shown to be untrue through prohibition in America, as crime rates, both alcohol related and non-alcohol related, did not improveRead MoreEssay abou t Alcoholism and Drug Addiction17765 Words   |  72 Pagesalcohols harmful physical, cerebral, and mental effects. Terminology Misuse, problem use, abuse, and heavy use refer to improper use of alcohol which may cause physical, social, or moral harm to the drinker. Moderate use is defined by The Dietary Guidelines for Americans as no more than two alcoholic beverages a day for men and no more than one alcoholic beverage a day for women. Some drinkers may drink more than 600 ml of alcohol per day during a heavy drinking period. The term alcoholism is commonly

Classification Learning Disability / Adhd Primary Language

INDIVIDUAL EDUCATION PROGRAM (IEP) Student s Name: Doe, John ID Number: 123456789 School District: Bishop Garrigan High School Grade: 9 Classification: Learning Disability/ ADHD Primary Language: English Age: 15 Date of Birth: 1/02/20000 I. Signature of Participants in Attendance at IEP Meeting Parent _____________________ Special Ed. Teacher _________________________ Parent _____________________ Regular Ed. Teacher _________________________ Student _____________________ District Representative _______________________ II. Student s Strengths: John is able to work quietly and independently once he knows what to do. He cooperates and interacts well with his peers with supervision. He remains calm and in control†¦show more content†¦John’s mother is aware that his low self-concept, anxiety and depression are all associated with his learning disabilities. (Elbaum Vaughn, 2003; Hutchinson, Freeman Berg, 2004) She would like assignments and lessons presented to John to be structured and clearly presented, also she requests that the lessons be adapted to his level of ability yet helps him build skills and feel successful. John’s mom also knows that John is easily frustrated and can become resistant and argumentative. John’s frustration causes him to shut down and is often resistant to rules, authority and instruction. He also is easily distracted, unorganized and forgetful. IV. Current Levels of Academic Achievement and Functional Performance Since the goal is to keep John in the least restrictive environment yet ensure John is working to his ability and instruction is accommodated to fit his needs. In order to ensure John’s reading comprehension, written language, math abilities and frustration levels are monitored, he will be given additional assistance from the resource room for English, Science, Math and Social Studies. Including individually administered tests, including setting and time accommodations, assistance with directions, use of assistive technologies, and revisions of the test formats. (Elliot, Kratochwill Schulte, 1998; Feldman, Kim Elliot, 2011) John will be encouraged to take PE and art, as these are great outlets for John to be able to use his energetic

Citizen Kane Shot Composition Free Essays

Pick 2 out of the 3 images and analyse in depth how their composition affects the storytelling of Orson Welles’ Citizen Kane. Word Count: Max 600words. In this long shot we see Kane’s mother in the foreground is sigining the documents for Kane to be taken by the banker. We will write a custom essay sample on Citizen Kane Shot Composition or any similar topic only for you Order Now Kane however is in the background playing with the snow. It shows the innocence in Kane who is playing happily in the snow and unaware of what is happening to his future. The mother is the one signing the documents which demostrates little love for her child over herself which in course leads kane to crave love more than anything in his later life. The lighting in the scene where Kane is playing happily in the snow also is strong with little cast shadows, this shows the purity of his character. The use of the window to frame little Kane places the emphasis on him and shows how the signing of the documents will have a crucial impact on Kane. The framing also creates contrast between the joyful mood of kane playing outside with the serious discussions in the house. The men are in a dark room, silouette of the man talking in front is seen. This shot uses only back lighting as the sole source of lighting to create a mysterious and secretive mood. The dark room signifys that the men have many questions on their mind about Charles Foster Kane and his last words, hence being â€Å"left in the dark†. The set-up also establishes the stage for the rest of the story. None of the men are actually in the focus in this shot, it shows that neither of them are of adequate significance in the story. The way the room is lid also expresses the filmmaker’s views about members of the media. The strong light and shadow contrast shows the characters’ somewhat shady intentions for uncovering the last words of kane. How to cite Citizen Kane Shot Composition, Papers

Accounting and Finance Chilean Wine Industry

Question: Describe about the Accounting and Finance for Chilean Wine Industry. Answer: 1. Analyze and evaluate the options to pay staff Merit based pay rise-The merit based pay rise are the rise that is provided to the employees of the company in accordance to the contribution the staff is making in the business. If the employee is getting the raise that is worth $ 200 a year, then the value raised for the next 5 years is $ 10,000 (Spawton 2013). The merit based pay rise can be in the form of bonuses and in the form of the incentives. That is the pay for the performance (Edwards et al. 2013). Pay rise: The pay rise is the rise in the salary that is provided to the staffs and the employees of the company in order to meet their daily needs and adjust their salary with respect to the inflation rate. The company may say that all the employees of the staffs are entitled to the pay rise after providing the service to the company for one year (Bianchi 2015).The pay rise may differ according to the work of the staff. The pay rise of the manager is more than the sales officer. Stake in the equity: The owners of the company may also take the decision of providing the employees the share in the equity of the company (Pezzillo 2016). Therefore, the company is making the employee an owner of the company by providing him/her with a part of the companys share. Share in the profit of the business: The employees can also be provided with a share in the profit of the business. For example, the management may take the decision that if the employee contribution helps the company achieves its target for the year the company will provide 5% of the profit to the employee (Bruwer 2012). 2. Analysis and evaluation of Cash Flow Statement for the year ended 2015: As per the given cash flow statement, it can be seen that, total part of their receipt from customers are spend to pay off the employees and suppliers. Moreover, the receipt from customers was not sufficient to pay off the employees and suppliers, which resulted into negative cash from operations. Amount received from disposal of PPE is only $50000 in 2014, whereas, the purchase of PPE amounted to $500,000 both in the year 2013 and 2014. It further resulted negative cash from investing activities. Only the cash from financing activities are showing some positive cash flow, as $100000 received from the owners and there were no payment for financing activities. Insufficient receipt and various payments obligation resulted into cash deficit for the year and the same result is continuing over the years 2013, 2014 and 2015. The opening balance of cash also could not manage to turn the negative cash balance to positive, as except for 2013, their closing cash balance was also negative. For all the three years, that is, 2013, 2014 and 2015, not a single amount is paid towards debt payment. Moreover, $500,000 additional debt has been acquired in the year 2013. Therefore, there is high chance that this issue may relate to breach the bank covenant. 3. Potential material deviation problems and overcome The important material deviation that is been highlighted is in the cash flow the debt that is taken by the company of $ 50,000, the net profit of the company is falling for the year 2014 and 2015. The problems can be overcome by repaying its liabilities in a short span and by increasing their profitability. While evaluating the cash flow, the material potential issue is that the company has taken an additional debt of in the year 2013 of $ 50,000. The cash and cash equivalents in the cash flow in the year 2013 are positive whereas, in the year 2014 and 2015 are negative that shows that the companys position is not that good. The sales revenue in the year 2014 is rising by approx. 10 percent whereas; in the year 2015 it decreased by approx. 5 percent. Therefore, as compared to the sales revenue the cost of goods sold is increasing in each year. The gross profit for the year 2014 has been increase by 10 percent and in the year 2015 has decreased by 35%. The sales and marketing expenses are increasing continuously for the three years (Hammervoll 2014). The sale channel that should be exited is the local retailers. The retailer shop is 80 kms away from the main city whereas; the sales are less than the expenses the shop has to bear. The staffs that have employed are for the part time purpose (Galati 2016). No full time staffs are been employed in the shop. 4. Evaluation of sale channel: Sales Channel Obstacles Solutions Cellar Door As in winter the sale quantity is very small and that too from few loyal customers, it increases the cost of running the shop and paying the part time staff. The customer can be convinced to purchase on-line during the wintertimeand Heretaunga should assure the customers that they would receive their order on time. To make smooth delivery of on line order, they can engage more supply staff. Local retailers (Including bars and restaurants) To make their wines available locally, they offer extended credit terms and the customers are very slow to make the payment The credit term should be fixed like three months or six months. They may offer discount to the customers who pay before time and there should be penalty fir late payment Pemberley Grocers (a)lower prices are demanded from suppliers with delayed payment terms (b)suppliers are required to bear the expenses related to marketing and advertising (a)As displaying their products in Pemberley Grocer has been useful gain for Heretaunga, they have little scope to negotiate on price issue but they can definitely have the option to discuss the issue related to delayed payment. With discussions to Pemberley, Heretaunga can ask for a fixed payment period (b)If the advertising and marketing related expenses are bear by Pemberley, Heretaunga can save a significant amount. They may offer an initial discount in price for this negotiation. Fitz Wine On Line Low margin of gross profit If Heretaunga increase their ability to sell their wine on time through increasing marketing and advertising of their product, they will need to sell less number of product through on line 5. Analyzed evaluation to pay Agneza Merit based pay rise: Agneza is a wine maker and her wines are getting good reviews from the customers. However, the company is suffering from huge losses. Though in order to provide the merit based pay rise company must have sufficient funds to allocate it amongst the employees. Pay rise: The pay rise is also not possible in this case as the pay rise is adjustable to the inflation rate and provided to the employees. The company is not making sufficient profits that can be analyzed with the help of the financial statements it can be stated that the employers are paid more than what the company is receiving from the customers (Chong 2014). The pay rise is the bad option for the company. Stake in the equity: The owners may provide Agneza with the stake in the company by providing the shares of the company. This would give her the motivation to work for the company as she is been provided with the ownership and the voting rights of the company and in the future the company may do well and provide the shareholders with the good returns. Share in the profit: The Company at present is not making profits so providing this option to Agneza is not fruitful for the company. Therefore, a share in the profits is a bad option. 6. Analysis and evaluation of financial performance: Total equity of Heretaunga has increased from $56,64,104 to $63,60,926 over the year 2013 to 2014. However, the total equity has decreased from $63,60,926 to $63,41,249. The reason behind this was the fall in retained earnings from $35,60,926 to $35,41,249 over the year 2014 to 2015. Trade receivables and inventories of the company is in increasing trend, which is a positive sign and the company is in better position to pay off their debt using their current assets. Bank overdraft of the company is in increasing trend, which states that company is experiencing shortage of cash. Trade payables of the company have increased from $182,572 to $272,712 over the year 2013 to 2014. However, it decreased to $253,479 in the year 2015. it is showing that company is improving its payable position. Non-current borrowing balance is same over the year from 2013 to 2015, which means that though the company has not availed any new borrowing, but at the same time did not made any payments towards non -current borrowing . However, the position of the company stated is as per the financial statement of 2013 to 2015. As the financial statement for the year 2016 is not yet available, current position of the company could not be stated. 7. Issues in the sales channel The four issues in the sales channels are as follows: The revenue earned from the cellar door and the retail sales are low. The revenues from this channel are low and the expenses are high. Therefore, the customers can be provided with the products online because the cost of running the cost of the store is more than that of the revenue. The local retailers provides the long term for the credit period. The solution must be that the credit period must be fixed for example for the fixed period of time say 3 months, 4 months. The pemberley grocers sells premium wine and the marketing expenses are very high. To overcome the problem the company has to reduce its marketing expense. Fitz-wine-on-line: The margin for the gross profit is very low. In case, the company uses efficient marketing and advertising strategies to sell its product and penetrate into the market. Cellar door and local sales: Cellar door is the sale channel that is used by the company where the wine is sold to the local and overseas visitors. The nearest metropolitan centre is 80 km away. The area is the tourist area though it has been seen that the tourist visitors in this area has been decreased and the demand for the wines have been decreased there are very small number of customers that buy the wines from the shop. Pemberley grocers: The Pemberley grocers sell premium food and wine to the retail customers. The suppliers of Pemberley are required to undertake advertising and marketing activities. Pemberley is able to demand lower purchase price from the suppliers and delayed payment terms (Leenders 2013). Fitz-wine-online Fitz- wine-online is an online wine trader with an emphasis on the Australian wine. As a large, independent, online trader, this company has a focus to provide high quality wine at the discounted prices. The advertising cost is not associated with this sales channel and the brand values remains unaffected. This sales channel is used in selling of bulk quantities and with the minimal profits. The strategic and the operations issue that the company faces is the advertising expenses are high. The Gross profit margin of the company is very low and is almost in negative as the sales that the company is generating are less than the expenses that the company is bearing (Garcia 2012). The debt of the company is increasing it means that the company has the liabilities. The sale channel that should be exited is the local retailers. The retailer shop is 80 kms away from the main city whereas; the sales are less than the expenses the shop has to bear. The staffs that have employed are for the part time purpose. No full time staffs are been employed in the shop. 8. Analysis and evaluation of excess demand from Merlot: As the Merlot wine takes three years time from harvesting of grapes to come in the market and its quality is highly dependent on the quality of grapes, Heretaunga is not able to produce Merlot wine in a large quantity and as their demand is also high, they are running out of stock for Merlot wine. The qualities of wine are also dependent on the skill of labors who make the wine. Natural disasters like hailstorm and draughts can also affect the quantity of grapes. Due to all these issues, company could not match the Merlot wines supply with its demand. However, not all the issues could be solved as Heretaunga does not have control over all the issues but there is definitely some scopes to work on some issues and improve them. They can contact with more grapes supplier who have good record of supplying good quality grapes, so that, with more grapes, they can produce more bottles of Merlot wine. Another area where they can improve is to hire more skilled winemakers, so that, wastage wil l be minimized and more bottles can be produced. However, the excess demand of Merlot wine cannot be fulfilled in full but shortage can be minimized to some extent by increasing the production. The production can be increased only when Heretaunga will have sufficient supply of good quality grapes and sufficient number of skilled wine maker available with them. Reference: Bianchi, Constanza. "Consumer brand loyalty in the Chilean wine industry."Journal of Food Products Marketing21, no. 4 (2015): 442-460. Bruwer, Johan, Isabelle Lesschaeve, and Benjamin L. Campbell. "Consumption dynamics and demographics of Canadian wine consumers: Retailing insights from the tasting room channel."Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services19, no. 1 (2012): 45-58. Chong, Sandy. "Business process management for SMEs: an exploratory study of implementation factors for the Australian wine industry."Journal of Information Systems and Small Business1, no. 1-2 (2014): 41-58. Edwards, Frances, and Tony Spawton. "Pricing in the Australian wine industry."International Journal of Wine Marketing(2013). Galati, Antonino, Maria Crescimanno, Salvatore Tinervia, and Dario Siggia. "Website quality and internal business factors: an empirical investigation in the Italian wine industry."International Journal of Wine Business Research28, no. 4 (2016). Garcia, Fernanda A., Martin G. Marchetta, Mauricio Camargo, Laure Morel, and Raymundo Q. Forradellas. "A framework for measuring logistics performance in the wine industry."International Journal of Production Economics135, no. 1 (2012): 284-298. Hammervoll, Trond, Pierre Mora, and Kjell Toften. "The financial crisis and the wine industry: The performance of niche firms versus mass-market firms."Wine Economics and Policy3, no. 2 (2014): 108-114. Leenders, Mark AAM, and Yanto Chandra. "Antecedents and consequences of green innovation in the wine industry: the role of channel structure."Technology Analysis Strategic Management25, no. 2 (2013): 203-218. pezzillo iacono, mario, Vincenza Esposito, Lorenzo Mercurio, and Marcello Martinez. "Bridging business model and inter-organizational coordination mechanisms in the Italian wine industry."Measuring Business Excellence20, no. 4 (2016). Spawton, Tony. "Development in the global alcoholic drinks industry and its implications for the future marketing of wine."International Journal of Wine Marketing(2013).

Napster Information Superhighway Robbery free essay sample

Sean Fanning had no Idea of the amount of turmoil that the creation of Anapest would cause. Full-length songs were being exchanged in a matter of minutes, and neither the artists nor the record companies were seeing a cent of it. With the widespread popularity of Internet file sharing the music population was divided. People either saw the program as a Godsend that would save them from wallet gouging CD prices or a new-aged form of robbery.From the money-hungry record company executive to the eleven year-old kid waiting forty minutes to download the attest EBB Mac hit, it seems that almost everyone has a stance on Anapest. The difficulty lies in appeasing all parties affected by the Internet file sharing. Though the record companies and others Interested In the financial aspect of music are reluctant to adapt, they will inevitably be forced to do so by the evolution of technology. We will write a custom essay sample on Napster: Information Superhighway Robbery? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The word Anapest originated as creator Sean Finings grade school nickname.It was a remark made In regard to Finings hairstyle and was meant to jilt his focus on the basketball game at hand. Since then Anapest had been his nickname. When Finings Internet file sharing program was launched in 1998 it Inherited the title. Fanning was enrolled at Northeastern University and was majoring in computer science when he created the program. He sought a challenge beyond his entry-level classes. Thus came the Idea for Anapest. Finings roommate had been using Internet technology quite frequently to download and play Amps (music files).The problem was that the sites he was using were unreliable and often out of date. After surveying several Internet users Vela chat rooms Fanning had collected enough information to begin work on his masterpiece. His idea was to have a program that searched for other users on the net that possessed MPH files. It would ask the user which files they wished to share with others and then would make those available for download. The program would survey the available files each time the user logged on, thus eliminating out of date links. Fanning wanted to see If he could turn his thoughts Into a reality.He left Northeastern with no intention of professionally developing the program, and was only interested in testing his new pilot program for efficiency and popularity. After sending the program to a few friend who continued to send It to other friends the bugs were worked out and Fanning was receiving nothing but positive response. With the help of his uncle, Fanning incorporated Anapest in May of 1999. The program took off from there. Office space was obtained for the corporate use, and Fanning moved out to California. Before its lawsuit induced downfall Anapest was simultaneously harboring over 800,000 users. Despite Its popularity, not everyone was thrilled with Anapest and other file sharing communities. Retail stores are not pleased with the introduction of file sharing programs. The music manager at Media Play In Enfield, CT states, I was reading in Billboard magazine that the record Industry has lost something Like 6 billion dollars on Internet file sharing already. That works out to like 100,000 dollars for this store alone. He also said that Media Play has made no official statement on Anapest and other sharing services. While they they do not own the music and only sell it.The ones who do own the music are the record companies and the artists themselves. The record companies have been the loudest voice of opposition and yet the most unwillingly to compromise. They say that the program enables users to violate copyright laws, and thus cut into profits. Under the law these companies are Justified. The Copyright Act of 1976 states that owners have five exclusive rights: 1. Only the copyright owner may reproduce or make copies of the work 2. Only the copyright owner may create adaptations of the work. 3. Only the copyright owner may distribute copies of the work to the public. . The copyright owner has the exclusive right to perform the work in public. 5. Only the copyright owner may display the work in public. Anapest violates all of these. Without exception every right of a copyright holder is infringed upon. The record companies do hold the legal copyrights to the work and re Justified in their claims, but fail to rouse any sympathy with the public. CD prices are utterly ridiculous. The suggested retail price of a compact disc has not dropped from its $19. 99 suggested retail price since they first came out. It is unbelievable.The devices to play them have declined tremendously over the past ten years, yet CD prices have been constant. Using personal experience as an example, I bought a CD player when I was in sixth grade. That was six years ago. The player cost me eighty dollars. Whenever we went for a ride in the car and I wanted to listen to my Smashing Pumpkins I had to hold the player in the air to keep it from skipping. The ones that had ESP. to prevent skipping were priced around $200. A few months ago I bought a player for forty dollars that I could elbow drop and it would not skip.The reason that the prices of CDC have not dropped is because of the tremendous greed of the record industry. When interviewing two experts in the field of music retail they were asked, Do you believe CD prices are two high? The response was an immediate and simultaneous YES! As technology ages the price normally declines due to improvements in production and availability. Consumers are turned off at the lack of cost deflation. The reason that price of CDC have not declined is because of the enormous avarice tax that the record industry puts on each disc.With prices as they are who would not turn to free music instead of highway robbery at the record store? Teenagers are not highly paid to run cash registers or wash dishes, and thus cannot afford to buy music at such a high cost. A person getting paid minimum wage would have to work for three hours in order to be able to buy a single CD, and often times they do not like the entire disc. They are only interested in a few good songs. A user can mix a variety of music onto one disc instead of having to Jockey the skip button through a twenty -dollar mistake. By escaping the unreasonable CD prices Internet file sharing is replenishing the emaciated bank accounts of music lovers across the country. Those who really suffer from Anapest and other file-sharing programs are newer bands. When a new band hits the airwaves it is uncertain whether they will have the appeal necessary to hold the fleeting attention span of the out of every CD. The first album an artist releases is not intended to make money, but to solidify their status as a legitimate entertainer. They are depending on people to buy their CD. Poor record sales are interpreted as a lack of popularity.With the introduction of Internet file sharing a variable has been created in the assessment process. A band could have huge popularity, yet their label would not know it because file exchanges are not reported. These new artists are the ones that need the sales the most, and often times do not produce them because their one good song can be downloaded from the Internet. Some musicians struggling to start feel that Anapest and other such programs are beneficial to their cause. The Internet is a fertile source of publicity. Many bands that have not been signed too major record label have difficulty in distributing their work.As a result of this bands such as Dispatch encourage their fans to use Internet file sharing. It assists in spreading the bands sound across the nation. This is one band that I found as a result of Anapest, and would not have otherwise. This is the beauty of the Internet. It is free publicity. Instead of having to spend thousands on promotion tapes countless hours posting flyers a website can go up and be much more effective. The young bands that are frustrated because their song is being downloaded instead of bought have a right to e mad.Their rise came before the MPH age and they most likely had to fight tooth and nail to get signed. There was no way to produce evidence that people were listening to their music as their track spun for three minutes in front of a big time record executive. If they had had a figure of how many people had downloaded the song off of the Internet, then they would have been able to present themselves more convincingly. The Internet can serve as a sounding board for young musicians. They can put a song out and monitor its success, and with that information make revisions or run to the record company.Aside from the small bands that have been newly introduced to the music industry, there are those bands that have already made it. They have been established in the music industry and are in solid contracts with their record labels. This gives them power that the small bands do not have. They can negotiate. Larger bands have the ability to demand more profit return off of each CD. If they have already had two platinum albums the companies know that the third will definitely sell, and therefore can afford to shell out more money because the risk of loss is not present. Being more popular band means more options in general.They have endorsement opportunities, the chance to play bigger venues, and endless merchandising options. All of these give bands such as Metallic and Limp Biz the edge over all of the smaller bands. The fact that Metallic and Limp Biz are both big name bands is virtually the only thing they have in common. Their views on Anapest are at opposite ends of the spectrum. One of the bands has embraced the new technology and resorted to the old cliche of if you cant beat Deem Join Mom, while the other has bitterly attacked the Internet companies and even more so the fans themselves.Lars Lurch, drummer of Metallic, has angrily denounced the Internet music exchange and all those associated with it. He has spear-headed whole anti-Anapest campaign and has received a great deal of negative exposure as a result. Lurch has towards the consumers of Internet music have turned many people off to the band. When interviewing the disc Jockey/salesperson at Media Play he testified to this. He has attacked the fans for downloading the music. I mean I have every Metallic CD and Ive downloaded their stuff too. It makes me mad when he points the finger at me.He has lost a lot of fans. Ive had people come in here and say they hate Metallic now and forget them them and that theyll Just burn all of their stuff, vents Steve. Staves opinion towards Lurch seems to be widespread. Websites such as Intellectualism. Com have sprung up all over the Internet. He has attacked Internet users and thus turned the web against himself. It is proof that artists will have to conform to the download age. One artist who has conformed and has found success is Limp Bassists Fred Durst. As lead singer of the band Durst has embraced Anapest. We believe that the Internet and Anapest should not be ignored by the music industry as tools to remote awareness for bands and [to] market music, states Durst. Anapest sponsored a free tour in which Limp Biz and other bands would be playing venues with no admission charge. The fans loved it, and as a result Limp Bassists record sales have been phenomenal. The band clearly did not lose any sales due to Anapest. They turned the situation into a way they could appeal to their fans even more. It was an extremely saw business maneuver.In regard to other artist opposition to Anapest durst says, We could care less about the older generations need to keep doing business as usual, we care more about what our fans want and our fans want USIA on the Internet. As a businessman it is more beneficial for an artist to support its listeners in downloading, but what about as an artist? On the Internet anything is available. That means if Springiness ever sat in the kitchen at age four banging on pots singing an early version of Baby We Were Born To Run it can be found in MPH format on the Internet. Fans love this while artists hate it.Unauthorized versions of songs are easily available to millions. Artists may feel that this is not a fair representation of their work, and do not want it out there. Will Healy of the Internet music retail site Arrestor. Com states, Its not so much the stealing of music, but the posting of music that was never supposed to reach human ears. Some artists will do demos, recordings, etc. That they later decide they dont like or feel it doesnt represent themselves and scrap it. Somehow, somebody will get a copy of this and then post it on a Anapest type-site.The artist doesnt know how it posted and may not want people to hear those tracks for whatever reason. The third exclusive right of a copyright holder is that only the holder has the right to distribute the work to the public. This right is violated when a song is made available without the permission of its creator. The fans love these rare versions. They pay for the CDC, the concert tickets, and the T-shirts, so they deserve a little something extra. There are extreme music fanatics in existence that want to get a hold of anything with their favorite groups name on it.There is no harm in allowing that fan forty-five seconds of a demo song that was Just thrown out anyway. Bands such as Dave Matthews Band are well known for their acceptance of this. They allow taping at concerts, and are one of the largest bootleg bands around. Dave Matthews album sales are not Hartford, CT they are sold out. Bands such as this appreciate a die-hard fans desire greater feeling of allegiance by owning rare versions of their work. With the outrage over Anapest came tremendous lawsuits. The Recording Industry Association of America filed suit against the company for copyright violation.Artists such as Metallic have filed on their own, and individual record companies as Nell. The Anapest service has been crippled by the legal action. They have been forced to block all songs that are from artists who are filing suit or whose labels are filing suit. The amount of files available dropped so much that the service was practically useless. As of February a three-judge panel overturned a lower court decision to shut down Anapest entirely, but maintained the stipulation that they Mould be forced to block songs. This is not a solution.Anapest could be driven to bankruptcy and Additionally, Scour, Breathers, Mister, Kava, Mesh, Limier, Babes MPH finder, Notable, Win, ripostes, Swapper, Efferent, Medicare, Young, Aha, Smirk, and several other file sharing programs would keep the pulse of sharing community beating. Anapest is trying to work out a solution with the record companies. They have signed a deal Ninth the German company Bertelsmann Inc. who owns the BMW music company. Already a link off of the Anapest program has been added which brings the user directly to the Bertelsmann owned CD Now website.A potential Anapest version Inhere the user pays a monthly rate is in the works, but the outlook for this is not very DOD. Why pay a monthly rate for music that is free at one of the many other sites? Also, certain companies or artist still may not comply, and those songs would still have to be blocked. This would limit the amount of music available making the service inferior to others. As for now the MPH craze is running wild. Soon more and more companies will come under fire and the Internet music industry will evolve into a pay service. With the way things are going now no one will be completely satisfied until all free music libraries are eradicated. Ideally users will have to pay in some way to obtain the music even if its in the form of demographic information. Questionnaires completed before downloading will hold valuable information that can be sold to record companies and other business for research and marketing purposes. The reason that record companies will be interested in consumer information is hat people are still buying music. With the focus on the Internet everyone has forgotten the record store.Media Plays music department salesperson in Enfield, CT has seen that people come into the store all of the time looking for music that they have found on the Internet. The feeling of ownership when one purchases a disc is more fulfilling for many consumers. It is these people that will continue to buy CDC despite the Internet downloading frenzy. These are the people that the record companies and retail stores need to focus on, and use the net to get them to buy more. No matter what they decide to do the Internet file sharing age cannot be stopped as of the present, and they will be much better off trying to conform.The record companies need to work with the musicians and the MPH sites themselves. The whole problem with copyright violation and unauthorized music trade is the lack of permission. If in the beginning a system had been established to compromise is very difficult. Record Companies are being extremely stubborn on the negotiation attempts. Since they do not truly need profit from the Internet they are reluctant to give in. Inevitably they will have to come together. File sharing cannot e stopped, but it can be controlled if they all work together.This can become a great economical advancement once all parties are satisfied. A plethora of opportunities for expansion of the music industry has been opened with the World Node Web. The media as we know it can achieve a higher level of greatness only if all factions can collaborate to make it that way. With the introduction of mainstream Internet file sharing in 1998 came the introduction of a new conflict: the issue of intellectual property. Anapest was the program that brought attention to the whole underground MPH swapping, but it is hardly the only program in existence.Several others are in place, therefore destruction of the Anapest Corporation will not end the problem. Musicians are not getting paid for the millions of files that have been swapped between various users over the past three years. The act of downloading music has even been referred to as theft. People have been downloading music as an alternative to outrageous CD prices and the convenience of burning their own CD mixes. Users will not willingly let this go. Artists and record companies are going to have to work with the fans demands and the music services themselves to develop some sort of compromise.

Worksheet Jason 1 Essay

Worksheet Jason 1 Essay Worksheet Jason 1 Essay University of Phoenix Material French Revolution and Napoleonic Era Worksheet 1. Essay Explain, in 1,050 to 1,400 words, how the following ideas and ideals influenced the events and motivated the participants in the French Revolution: Liberty Equality Brotherhood Hubris Fiscal irresponsibility Democracy Technology 2. Napoleonic Timeline For each date and location, identify the significant event that occurred and write a single-sentence description of the event. August 15, 1769 [Enter description]Napoleon Bonaparte born as Napoleone di Buonaparte to Carlo Maria di Buonaparte and Maria Letizia Ramolino in Corsica on 15 August 1769. Ajaccio, Corsica July 4, 1776 [Enter description]The Declaration of Independence is Adopted by the Continental Congress Meeting Announcing the Thirteen Colonies as Independent. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania July 14, 1789 [Enter description]The Storming of The Bastille Prison Holding Seven Inmates Took Place On This Morning. Its Fall Was the Turning Point of the French Revolution. Paris September 21, 1792 [Enter description]National Convention of France Signed a Proclamation and Announced the Abolition of the French Monarchy. France January 21,1793 [Enter description]The Execution of King Louis XVI by the Guillotine Took Place at Place de la Revolution or Translated as Revolution Square, Formerly Known as Place Louis XV Paris August 22, 1795 [Enter description] The Constitution of 22 August 1795 which was also known as the Constitution of the Year III, or Commonly Referred to as the Constitution of 5 Fructidor was the National Constitution of France ratified by the National Convention. France November 15–17, 1796 [Enter description]The Battle of Arcole or sometimes known as the Battle of Arcola was fought between French and Austrian forces as part of the French revolutionary wars. Arcole, Italy 1798 [Enter description]The French invasion of Egypt or known as the French Campaign in Egypt and Syria was Napoleon Bonaparte’s campaign in The Orient to protect French trade interests, undermine Britain’s access to India, and establish scientific enterprise in the region. Malta, Egypt, and Syria November 9, 1799 [Enter description]The Eighteenth Brumaire or known as the Coup of 18 Brumaire brought Napoleon Bonaparte, a General as the First Consul of France. France February 9, 1801 [Enter description]The Treaty of Luneville was signed into effect between the French Republic and the Holy Roman Emperor Francis II Lunà ©ville, France 1801 [Enter description]The Concordat of 1801 was signed on this day between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII and sought to have national reconciliation between revolutionaries and Catholics and determined that the Roman Catholic Church was the majority church of France. Rome and Paris March 25, 1802 [Enter description]The Treaty of Aimens was signed on this day to temporarily end hostility between the French Republic and Great Britain enduring the French Revolutionary Wars. Amiens, France August 2, 1802 [Enter description]The Fall of the Directory Government and The Rise Of The French Consulate took place on this day, the French Consulate was comprised of three men, one being Napoleon Bonaparte France December 2, 1804 [Enter description]The coronation of Napoleon Bonaparte as the Emperor of the French took place at Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris. Paris October 21,1805 [Enter description]The Battle of Trafalgar took place this day as a Naval engagement fought by the Royal Navy against the combined fleets of the French and Spanish Navies, during the War of the Third

Lying and Justice Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Lying and Justice - Coursework Example The justice system depends on the truth that has to be subjected to a legal search. In contrast, lying is a grave violation of the justice. Legally, lying is one form of obstruction of justice. Anyone who lies to the authorities upon questioning during the investigation of the criminal activities is liable to obstruction of justice. Liars violate the social justice. The people who give false information to the court or the investigators are liable for perjury. Perjury is a serious crime because the trust and credibility are significant foundations of the justice system (Ho, 2008). In essence, lying is a crime against justice, and the violator compromises grand juries, public officials, the authority of court systems, and governing bodies. The jury can detect the element of lies when the testimony conflicts directly with verifiable information. In cases where the witnesses might unintentionally offer falsehoods in good faith, the prosecutors must prove the intention to mislead the justice system. The inveterate liars violate the virtue of justice. Justice is overwhelming virtue of societies and individuals. Thus, the liars contravene the virtue of

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 24

Marketing - Essay Example However, the emergence of the Internet as a purchasing medium has also meant that consumer privacy may be compromised, since it is possible for online marketers to access information about consumers in a manner that the consumers may be unable to detect, such as through the use of cookies, spyware and adware to capture a richer base of data than that which is actually divulged by the consumer.(Ashworth and Free, 2006) In order to complete an online transaction, a consumer must of necessity divulge personal and financial information online, which poses a significant threat to the privacy of the consumer, since unauthorized individuals may hack into such information and misuse it. In recognition of the danger of leaking of such sensitive information, the Fair and Accurate Credit Transaction Act was signed into law on December 4, 2003, designed to allow consumers to safeguard their sensitive information and make it federally actionable when such data is used inappropriately.(Moye 2006) . While consumer concern over the unauthorized use of their financial information is justified, such activities are carried only by a minority of individuals, therefore if consumers react to this by completing blocking off provision of any kind of information, this may ultimately compromise their own interests. When consumers provide information about their preferences and purchasing patterns online, they can enjoy the benefits of online shopping with all its attendant convenience and savings in time and energy. Moreover, marketers use such information for product targeting that is in accordance with the personal preferences and tastes of the consumer, thereby allowing the consumer access to a wide variety of personalized goods and services. Therefore, the time that a consumer may spend on the Internet browsing products will be very fruitful in finding Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 6 Marketing - Essay Example In order to dissect the needs of the target audience a market analysis in for of a research shall be initiated and carried out continuously with the sole purpose of ensuring that the messages communicated to prospective lawyers are affected and are not a waste of money. To ensure generalization and the reaching out to as many target audience as possible the plan shall be laid out in such as way as to consider all the geographical zones in the country. In a bid to understand better CSSO’s environment, competitor analysis, was carried out; these include private law firms which are very good at attracting the best lawyers in the country, and the foreign law firms such as those in the US have been identified due to the fact that they offer very competitive salaries and therefore most law graduates head directly to there. The committee overseeing the IMP shall therefore be meeting bi-weekly to brainstorm and keep track of the program as well as sprucing it up In order to ensure effectiveness there shall be initial assessment on messages to prospective audience in order to ensure that the messages are meeting their purpose. The marketing plan will be tailored to be an ongoing scheme but not a one-use strategy. Since the projected kick-off for the program is January 2007, the budget shall factor in any chances of cost variation. In a recent staff meeting chaired by the CEO, it was noted that the ‘the organization was facing an imminent danger of collapsing if it can not attract and retain the best lawyers in the country did not shock many. In fact the situation has been clearly pointed out and brought forth in most of the staff meetings in the recent years. The organization’s IMP is set to change the trends in favor of a more vibrant public law office. Therefore the IMP serves as the link between the future performance of the public law office and the present, it shall further aim at

Concept of war and conseqences it leaves behind Essay

Concept of war and conseqences it leaves behind - Essay Example The concept of war was thus initially related, in international law, to the delimitation of the penal jurisdiction of States to prosecute and punish, rather than to the definition of the incriminated acts and the attendant penalties. This latter task was left to municipal law, and more particularly to military codes. Except for a few occasional points of contact, a full-fledged partnership between military and economic science was not established until the First World War. In outstanding works on military strategy like that of Clausewitz, the economic complements to warfare are not even mentioned. To make it applicable to our time, however, his famous statement that war is but a continuation of politics through other methods might very well be rephrased. Today it seems equally reasonable to say that modern warfare is largely a continuation of economic policies through other methods. For thousands of years there was only an indirect connection between the economic system and the method of warfare. The ends of war were frequently economic, as when men fought to win tribute or slaves, and certain consequences of war, such as starvation and devastation, had economic significance as well.

Effectiveness of Performance Related Pay: NHS Case Study

Effectiveness of Performance Related Pay: NHS Case Study Executive Summary The following report evaluates how the aims of Performance Related Pay (PRP) schemes are underpinned by theory, focuses on how PRP theory relates to the aims and objectives of the NHS and considers how effective the current PRP policy is within the NHS with specific focus on whether the current scheme meets the needs of the current NHS organisation. The NHS has seen relative success where PRP schemes have been applied, with 51% of NHS managers recently commenting that PRP schemes in their trust had resulted in employees working harder. Although 61% of the staff involved with NHS trusts operating these schemes suggested the idea of rewarding performance was divisive and undermined the overall co-operation of its staff . The overall benefits of PRP include facilitating and implementing change in a structured manner, aligning the employees objectives with the wider goals of the organisation and introducing structured rewards in a fair fashion. Although the aims of the PRP scheme may be aligned to the business strategy, they will only succeed if the end goal is enough to motivate the individual. Within the NHS one would suggest there have to be additional concepts for performance management to focus on, such as content, departmental resource and career development for PRP schemes to be a success. When the introduction of PRP to any organisation is applied, it is supposed to encourage fairness and equality with rewards. However criticism of PRP within the NHS organisation suggests that it does not provide fairness and equality. Research has shown that the perception is that PRP benefits those in more fiscal or senior orientated roles than it does for those lower down the organisation. PRP schemes will be hard to introduce to NHS trusts where they do not already exist due to the nature of the structured role orientated pay scale and the inflexible nature of the NHS. This would be further compounded by the unionised nature of the NHS, with the unions likely to resist any move from collectivism to individualism in discussions about pay and contract conditions. Recommendations at the end of the report include consideration to the design of the scheme and how crucial this can be to the schemes future success: the need to manage PRP openly to prevent breakdown of relationships and thus prevent negative impacts on performance overall and the importance of clear management of objectives by individuals best placed to manage their teams. Evaluate how the aims of the Performance Related Payment scheme are underpinned by theory The initial concept of performance related pay (PRP) schemes were introduced as a way to reward employees for completing a specific goal. The sense of reward was expected to act as a motivator therefore the scheme was embraced with high expectations (Daniels, Macdonald, 2005:183). Assessment of organisational reward applications shows that performance is not the only way employees relate to being congratulated on doing a job well. However, it is suggested the benefit of using performance based reward systems has been in the applying of the statistical elements of the method, allowing for a clear and relatively objective means of performance measurement. (Shields, 2007:410/11). This suggests that organisations favour a method which provides a supportive conclusion with quantative evidence to back up decisions made that may favour one individual over another. Secondly the use of PRP schemes have been linked to wider business strategic plans which have sought to align the employees objectives with the wider goals of the organisation (Holbeche, 2009:219). However, performance based reward schemes have been criticised in recent years, despite becoming seen as the norm within organisational structures (Holbeche, 2009:219). Alternative applications can be rewarded through behavioural analysis in line with a set of parameters and goals. However, this method of reward has been argued as being subjective and open to abuse and interpretation (Shields, 2007:410/11). As such the use of performance management against tangible goals as a measure provides something concrete for the employee to be measured against which cannot be refuted (Shields, 2007:411). PRP schemes can however be heavily criticised when there is a belief the targets are not truly achievable (Lai, Tsui, 2009:116). Moreover there is a concern that where targets are consistently not achieved and are deemed inaccurate, the effects can be rapid demotivation with the workforce (Lai, Tsui, 2009:116). An additional aim of PRP can be the encouragement of equality and fairness, this is not that everyone should be paid the same but those that add value are rewarded appropriately in comparison to others that may not contribute to the same level. How does this theory fit into the organisations aims and objectives? The aims and objectives of the NHS centre on measureable statistics such as level of patient care, treatment times, waiting list turnover, number of patients seen and treated, level of discharged patients and sound fiscal management. These are rolled down from central government and managed by the individual NHS Trusts across the country. It is suggested that providing a tangible measure against which to be managed is a key element in the use of PRP within the NHS. The use of tangible goals means the objectives are clear and concise (Shields, 2007:410/11). Furthermore the NHS argues that the use of performance measures means there is an ownership placed onto the employee to perform to their expected level and for their manager to ensure they are learning and developing (Shields, 2007:410/11). The NHS has seen relative success where PRP schemes have been applied (Shields, 2007:411). Under these schemes the employees use individual goal setting applications, which instead of creating conflict; achieved motivation although in-depth assessment of the research found that the goal setting aspect of the measure was the most favoured element (it enabled a clear guide for the reward) the behavioural assessments were deemed subjective (Shields, 2007:411). However one might argue that whilst this may work within a public service sector environment there are contrasts within private industry. The directed use of strategic alignment can pitch departments against each other creating internalised conflict (Schienmann, 2009:142). Furthermore people can be encouraged to apply their focus in a directed way which means they stop looking at the wider picture. In doing this there is the potential to create a funnel and individuals end up working at cross purposes instead of working together (Schienmann, 2009:142). Furthermore contrasting these statistics is the idea that public sector employees see financial reward as a secondary motivator to work harder (OECD, 2005:74). This is supported by research into all public sector environments, which suggests that job content and career development are primary motivators to increase performance (OECD, 2005:74). This is supported with recent research into the NHS management structure. During questioning into applied PRP, 61% of the staff involved with NHS trusts operating these schemes suggested the idea of rewarding performance was divisive and undermined the overall co-operation of its staff (OECD, 2005:73). This was implied to be because there was a lack of team discipline and people worked as individuals. This behaviour was cited as unacceptable within an environment that made life and death choices based on teamwork (OECD, 2005:73). On the other hand the same research contradicts this idea; stating that when questioned 51% of NHS managers suggested that PRP schemes in their trust had resulted in employees working harder (OECD, 2005:74). As such one might argue that the use of performance related pay schemes only work when the individual is financially motivated, and this could be applied to all sectors, public and private. Therefore there is an argument to suggest that although the aims of the PRP scheme may be aligned to the business strategy they will only succeed if the end goal is enough to motivate the individual. Within the NHS one would suggest there have to be additional concepts for performance management to focus on such as content, departmental resource and career development. Although the theory of PRP may be applicable, the practice does not necessarily translate into a high performing team. Critically Evaluate the Effectiveness of this Scheme One might debate the effectiveness of the performance related pay schemes within the NHS depending on the expected outcome. It is assumed that the expectation within employee groups from the introduction of PRP is increased morale and improved performance which therefore increases operational output (Lai, Tsui, 2009:116). Yet it should also be considered that the scheme can be used as a method to employ goal setting policy within an establishment where this has not been done before. Research suggests that the introduction of PRP validates the implementation of goal setting within public sector environments regardless of motivational output (OECD, 2005:76).This could be considered a significant benefit of the application of PRP within a wider assessment of the scheme. Furthermore the implementation of PRP provides the opportunity to redefine established organisational performance norms (OECD, 2005:76) and allow the NHS the advantage of being able to implement change in a structured manner. However it can also be argued that change in itself carries the potential for overall internalised threat (Huston, Marquis, 2008:178). Research suggests that when not welcomed, change has the ability to inject conflict into the organisational structure (Huston, Marquis, 2008:178). This means the focus moves away from the primary strategic aim. Moreover, conflict can send negativity around the workplace, ensuring non-compliance, and removing any degree of support for any performance based schemes (Huston, Marquis, 2008:178). Unfortunately it would appear the scale for conflict is high within the NHS when PRP is discussed. If the trust is considered as a business organisation the application of PRP means that pay adjustments can be applied in a measured way which can therefore become a strength (OECD, 2005:76). However, this means the counter argument becomes a weakness from the employees perspective (OECD, 2005:76). As such one would argue that changing to a PRP scheme will reduce the involvement of the trade unions because the focus moves from collectivism to individualism as a discipline (Gall, 2003:13). This could be seen as a weakness because unlike privatised industry the NHS environment is cited as being more static with less flexibility between positions and employee expectations (Gall, 2003:13). It is suggested that the termination of the collectivism power would leave NHS staff negotiating for contracts in the same way private industry do. This leaves the employees open to increased discrimination between financial rewards at the same grade levels. This is seen with the introduction of flexible working hours for employees, which effectively abolishes the overtime model for staff, and the theory implies that staff would no longer be financially compensated for working additional hours over their standard agreed contract rate (OECD, 2005:76). On the other hand the introduction of flexible working is defended as necessary within modern society. As such this implies that the change in financial application by moving to PRP incentives should not be seen as a weakness but a strength or opportunity to open the job market up to new applicants. Moreover research suggests that the use of performance related pay within the NHS environment provides a recruitment incentive and improves staff retention in the long term (OECD, 2005:76). Conclude whether the scheme meets the needs of the organisation One might argue that the introduction of PRP to any organisation is applied to encourage fairness and equality with rewards (Redman, Wilkinson, 2009:160). However criticism of PRP within the NHS organisation suggests that it does not provide fairness and equality with its rewards (Abel, Esmail, 2006). Research suggests that although PRP is adopted, there are inherent weaknesses in the application of the initiative and previous discriminations against gender and ethnicity remain prevalent despite the results of performance based measures (Abel, Esmail, 2006). This is further supported with a government review of the NHS performance review process. This research found a large number of consultants who voiced their concerns over both racial and gender discrimination within the PRP, however they also suggested discrimination based on their medical specialism and the degree to which the individual contributed towards management decisions existed alongside traditional discriminations (Abel, Esmail, 2006). Thus one may suggest that the performance reviews favoured those who worked in more high profile specialisms, which could provide additional funding. On the flip side of this discussion however is the consideration that those lower in the organisational structure would welcome the opportunity for performance based pay rewards in order to grow their roles and develop their careers. However this research implies their performance is isolated in comparison to that which benefits the wider business model needs. In recent research conducted in this area it was concluded that incentive polices such as PRP have provided a positive knock on effect where quality and safety are concerned. This point is interesting as in an environment such as nursing, one would have assumed quality of care and safety are principle fundamentals of patient expectations. However performance is massively improved when the employee is offered additional reward for reaching targets in these fields (Kurtzman et al, 2011). The research however goes on to suggest that the use of incentive schemes place an increased burden and creates a blame culture for nurses without addressing the infra-structure needs that the NHS trusts require to meet the targets set for them, This shows that the adaptation of PRP can be seen as being a double edged sword within the NHS system (Kurtzman et al, 2011). Report Conclusion The research appears to suggest that the performance based incentive schemes meet the base needs of the NHS as they make the basic principles of nursing happen in accordance with expectations. However an incentive scheme such as PRP cannot overcome the lack of adequate environment, staffing levels and low salary level. As such this implies that performance based pay does not work as a motivator for the existing workforce. Neither would one conclude that it works as a recruitment incentive as was previously suggested. Instead the implication is that the use of performance based incentive schemes means that those with power can continue to reward those they single out for success, whilst the remainder of the workplace organisation are left to manage with inadequate environments in which to meet the targets they are given. One might determine an outcome borne from two potential directions. In one case if the NHS is seen as an organisational structure and not as a public service, the use of PRP may be seen as successful. As a scheme this allows management to reward those individuals who are benefiting the NHS. From within this it can be assumed the discrimination that occurs is justified. However on the other side if the NHS is viewed as a public service with its key members being the front line staff, one would have to conclude that PRP does not benefit the needs of the organisation. Nursing graduates are decreasing in numbers; the vocation is increasingly seen as a difficult environment with insufficient financial reward and high expectations (Chitty, 2005:36). Following these arguments one would have to conclude that the use of a PRP scheme would provide the NHS with specific benefits when linked into an open environment which supported fairness and equality. However the current organisational structure of the NHS is not conducive to producing the environment needed to make this ideology successful. Instead work is perhaps needed with the basic infrastructure of the NHS organisation before additional performance plans will be able to achieve the required outcome for the operation. Recommendations for the management of PRP within the NHS There are several recommendations to be made for the management of pay within the NHS. These are as follows; Design of the scheme When PRP schemes are adopted, the design of them is crucial to their success and application (Redman, Wilkinson, 2009:134). Not only is it necessary to consider what will work for the majority of the workforce, but it is also vital to link the work of the individual into the wider team dynamic (OECD, 2005:86). As such when incentive schemes are applied, the link between teamwork and the individual is necessary in order to ensure a performance measure that involves the wider strategic picture of the organisation (OECD, 2005:86). In the case of the NHS this would be rectified through adapting some of the schemes considered elitist and improving some of the base working conditions which affect a wider degree of the working population. One would assume this will improve morale and create a workforce that wants to achieve targets and attain performance rewards. Communication When introducing performance related ideology the implementation has to be anticipated and managed openly (OECD, 2005:86). When relationships break down internally the need for consolidated teamwork becomes harder, this affects all forms of performance (Redman, Wilkinson, 2009:134). Within the NHS business model this argument is applied especially when managing trade union relationships (OECD, 2005:86), especially because this sector is driven by collective bargaining Furthermore this is particularly relevant because the core competencies of the roles have to be the same within the medical profession. The hierarchy has to be clearly defined by actual role competencies which enable staggered payments. Therefore performance based payment becomes harder to manage because each level should work at the same rate. Moreover this suggests the link between performance based pay and goal setting is vital in ensuring that employees are enabled to achieve and maintain their goals within fair and attainable means (OCED, 2005:87). Measurable Objectives Within the NHS organisational model one would assume targets for performance will centre on measureable statistics such as treatment times, waiting list turnover, number of patients seen and treated, level of discharged patients. These provide clear and measureable targets for people to meet and the measure is quantitative therefore enabling a degree of concise clarity to the measure. However research shows that providing clear statistical measures within the NHS model results in internalised pressure which manifests through the lower ranks (Kurtzman et al, 2011). Therefore one would argue this supports the need to correct the basic infrastructure within the organisations, prior to implementing reward schemes for employees. Management of Objectives When applied, the goals provided must be clearly managed by team leaders within the confines of the department or ward. This means the head medical staff responsible for these staff members have to take on a level of responsibility for managing their team as well as coping with their medical expectations. One might argue this is especially difficult within the NHS model and compounds the issue of burden and blame as medical professionals find themselves having to become more like managers (Kurtzman et al, 2011). This is known to be a contentious argument for medical professionals who chose their roles as vocations (Kurtzman et al, 2011). Stimulate Change Research suggests that performance related incentives should be used as a way to stimulate and introduce change into organisational structures (Redman, Wilkinson, 2009:135). This can be achieved through challenging the status quo and looking at new ways to manage (OECD, 2005:89). It could therefore be supported that the introduction of performance related pay into NHS trust models is applicable. As an observer one may assume the NHS organisational model has not particularly been challenged in decades, thus this strategy enables a fresh way of adapting new methods.

Soviet Union :: essays research papers

There are many events worthy of our recognition but some will be remembered for many years to come. Fifty years from now, every person in the world should remember the year in which the Soviet Empire collapsed. The Soviet Union was one of the most dangerous and most feared of all the countries in the world during the time it existed. The Soviet Union was the largest country in the world because of all the republics it had within it. The collapse of the Soviet Union will always be remembered because it was a country that was very dangerous. It was like that because just about all of the men that ruled and controlled the Soviet Union were heavy drinkers and they would not be at their best judgment when doing things and because of that they could cause a lot of damage, conflict, and war to many other countries. The end of the Soviet Union will be remembered also because it had such a great impact on all its republics. The Soviet Union was not a horrible place though as it helped all the poor countries stay strong since they were united as one union. Instead of being a whole bunch of third world countries, their unity in communism did work at keeping the people safe. For example Yugoslavia was around as on nation back then because of communism but once the collapse of communism Yugoslavia broke apart. Why many people feared the USSR, the Union of Soviet Socialists Republic, or CCCP, USSR spelled in Russian, was because the fact that a lot of missiles would frequently disappear from the missile silos that belonged to the Soviet Union, and because of this it shows that the Soviet Union wasn't to safe of a country to live in and that the people there weren't easily trusted so other countries near the borders of the Union could be in great danger. I think that the Soviet Union was a great republic and that if it did still exist now it would or at least

Howard Kang

In dramatic form, be it monologue, dialogue or full theatrical scene, the author cannot step into the action to comment or interpret for us, as he can in a novel. We must draw our own conclusions from what we see and hear, and this makes for powerful effects, as a character reveals him- or herself to us by what he or she says or does. In the monologue, â€Å"My Last Duchess† Browning misleads us with great skill before we realize that we are listening to a criminal lunatic. The dramatic effect lies in the surprise we feel as the truth finally emerges. In Act IV, scene iii of Othello there is again an agonizing irony for the viewer, who knows more than Desdemona and is of course impotent to help her. Shakespeare works like a dentist without an anesthetic, and the pain of the audience comes from the unbearable innocence of the doomed Desdemona, who is surely something like the Duchess in Browning’s poem, helpless and bewildered in the face of the murderous insanity of her husband. The Duke in Browning’s â€Å"My Last Duchess† sounds so sane! But what makes him more eerie is that he is wonderfully gracious and articulate – â€Å"Will’t please you sit and look at her? † (5). As he tells his story he seems to weigh his words with great caution, as if he is quite free of the distorting power of anger or any other passion, and is keen to avoid any unfairness in his judgment: â€Å"She had / A heart – how shall I say? – too soon made glad† (21-2), â€Å"†¦ but thanked / Somehow – I know not how – as if she ranked†¦ † (31-2). He never raises his voice, and speaks with a measured confidence that quite takes us in. At first we might be tempted to believe that his attitudes are reasonable: â€Å"Sir, ‘twas not / her husband’s presence only, called that spot / Of joy into the Duchess’ cheek† (13-15). His manner is restrained even as he hints at her infidelity. The painter flattered her about her appearance, as of course he would, being a Renaissance artist and totally dependent on patronage, but she was charmed by it – foolishly, the Duke suggests. â€Å"She liked whate’er / She looked on† (23-24). She was delighted by the beauty of the sunset, and the little tribute from the man who gave her the cherries, just as much as â€Å"My favor at her breast† (25). What he seems to be objecting to is her failure to be properly selective and aristocratic in her tastes. This is a rather extreme sort of snobbery, but perhaps not unprecedented; we may not find it attractive, but we may accept it as a feature of a proud man. In Browning’s My Last Duchess, the murder is implied. It is not described in explicit terms as in Othello. In the lines, â€Å"Paint/Must never hope to reproduce the faint /Half-flush that dies along her throat†, the speaker adores the ‘faint half-flush’ on his wife’s face that no paint could re-add and at the same time leaves a slight hint that she had been throttled to death. The intelligent monologue is enough to make the point overt and covert at the same time. All the time, Browning is luring us up the garden path. We begin to detect the problem. The Duke is immensely proud, a man of great heritage, while she is free of snobbery, charmed by the delights of the world and human kindness, and genuinely innocent. (Infidelity does not seem to be the Duke’s concern presently) Then we begin to see how pathologically proud and arrogant he really is. Even had you skill / In speech – (which I have not)† (35-36), (he lies, of course) to explain your objection to her behavior – which is clearly quite â€Å"normal† – it would involve â€Å"stooping, and I choose / Never to stoop† (42-3). So, rather than speak to her about his dissatisfaction, which would involve impossible condescension by him, he chose to solve the problem rather more radically: â€Å"This grew; I gave commands; / Then all smiles stopped altogetherà ¢â‚¬  (45-6). It takes a moment for us to register what he did, so unbelievable is it and so evasively phrased. She thanked men,—good; but thanked /Somehow†¦. I know not how †¦. as if she ranked /My gift of a nine-hundred-years-old name /With anybody’s gift,†- the last part of the speech clearly brings forth the envy rankling in the speaker’s heart! The unbending pride of the Duke comes out through the turns of phrases of this part of this long monologue, â€Å"†¦. and if she let/Herself be lessoned so, nor plainly set/Her wits to yours ,forsooth and made excuse,/-E’en then would be some stooping and I choose/Never to stoop. The Duke can hardly ‘chose to stoop’to give in to the childish demeanors of his beautiful wife. Again, jealousy seems to be prevalent in the tone of these words: â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Oh, Sir, she smiled no doubt, /Whene’er I passed her; but who passed without /much the same smile? † Then having confessed to murder, or, rather, boasted of it, he continues his negotiations for his next Duch ess, celebrating, incidentally, one of his favorite art works, â€Å"Neptune†¦ Taming a sea-horse† (54-5), the very image of the brutal control that he has himself exerted over his innocent last Duchess. The willow scene from Othello works differently, of course, because it is a dialogue, though it is in the inner workings of Desdemona’s mind that the dramatic form is revealed here, just as much as is the case in Browning’s poem There is an almost intolerable pathos about this scene because Desdemona is so helpless. She has a good idea of what is going to happen – â€Å"If I do die before thee, prithee shroud me / In one of those same sheets† (24-5) and is impotent in the face of her fate. There seems to be no defence against the ruthless execution of Othello’s enraged will. She is in a sort of trance; a hypnosis of shock. All she can do is wait for the end, and the pathetic simplicity of her reflections here is the sign of a wounded spirit in retreat from reality. The tragic atmosphere is given additional poignancy by the occasional interruption of the everyday details of â€Å"undressing for bed†, the habitual continuing of everyday life because there is nothing else to do in the face of the worst – â€Å"Prithee unpin me† (21). She continues to pretend that this is just an ordinary night: â€Å"This Lodovico is a proper man† (35), not a comparison of Othello with her country forms, but a pathetic attempt at gossip. But her real thoughts emerge in the obsession with the willow song, which she cannot resist. It is the perfect mirror of her own fortune: â€Å"And she died singing it; that song tonight / Will not go from my mind† (30-1). Like a detail from a psychoanalyst’s casebook comes the unprompted line in the song that gives away the deepest thoughts of the wailing victim. Let nobody blame him, his scorn I approve, — Nay, that’s not next. Hark! Who’s that knocks? –It is the wind. † (51-3) She corrects herself, but the absolute terror of realisation goes through her. Compared with Desdemona’s helplessness in the face of the corruption of Othello, Emilia’s jokes have an immensely remedial health. It is not a criticism of Desdemona, but it is a firm placing of trust in a human being by Shakespeare. In Shakespeare’s Othello, the Moor can hardly be blamed for his rash decision of murdering Desdemona, who had been black-painted by his ‘honest Iago’ and it was Iago again who had sown the seeds of jealousy in his mind. Desdemona pleaded her innocence at last and asked to call for Cassius but Othello ran berserk maddened by sexual jealousy. Othello could hardly be blamed for his attitude, as he was a Moor and unfamiliar with the ways and manners of the Venetian culture. Naturally, he fell victim to Iago’s insinuations and committed the murder of his beautiful wife, Desdemona, who was actually, innocence epitomized. In Act IV, sc ii, Othello in reply to Desdemona’s pleading innocence disgustingly cried out, â€Å"O Desdemona, away! away! away! † Desdemona, being totally unaware of the handkerchief she had lost tried to reason with her husband, â€Å"Am I the motive of these tears my Lord? † It might have been possible that Othello could have turned deaf ears to Iago’s vitriolic comments or aspersions cast on Desdemona, but as he was new to their society and culture, it became easy for Iago to set him against his wife, who was a paragon of beauty. By way of rejoinder, when Othello speaks out, â€Å"Had it pleased Heaven/To try me with affliction; had they rained/All kinds of sores and shame on my bare head/Steeped me in poverty to the very lips/Given to captivity me and my utmost hopes/I should have found in some place of my soul/A drop of patience†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †and at last turns to the question of â€Å"complexion†, â€Å"Turn thy complexion thee.. †¦Ay there look as grim as hell! †, we find Othello a dejected, frustrated , lost soul feeling small for being a Black Moor who was alien to the Venetian culture! The complex of Culture and Identity assails him, no doubt! Othello decided to put an end to the life of his unfaithful wife at last and as he uttered the words in Act V, Sc ii, â€Å"Yet, I’ll not shed her blood; /Nor scar that whiter skin of hers than snow/And smooth as monumental alabaster/Yet she must die, else she’ll betray more men†, Did he not sound the same as the Duke of My Last Duchess who had been driven mad by sexual jealousy? The murder could not be justified, but, Othello was quite a better lover and a more compassionate person than the Duke. He needed evidence to prove Desdemona’s betrayal; he had to fight immensely with his own conscience to come to the decision of murder. As a person, the Duke was cold-blooded, but Othello was emotional and irrational at he same time. If this had not been so, â€Å"†¦I will kill thee, / And love thee after. One more and this the last. /So sweet was ne’er so fatal. I must weep/ But they are cruel tears; this sorrow’s heavenly; /IT STRIKES WHERE IT DOTH LOVE,† could he utter such words? The Duke of My Last Duchess was never so overpowered with emotions to give a slight indication of goodness that is if he had any. In Act V, sc i, Othello is making his mind up to vent his rage upon Desdemona. Here he again finds enough reason to slaughter Desdemona. On hearing the footsteps of Cassius, he blurt forth, â€Å"’Tis he;-O brave Iago, honest and just†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦minion your dear lies dead/and your unblest fate hies, strumpet I come† Till Lines 31 of Act V Sc ii, we find Othello raving and railing on about the murder of Desdemona. Othello seemed to give a chance to Desdemona to prove her innocence by saying, â€Å"If you bethink yourself of any crime/Unreconciled as yet heaven and grace /Solicit for it straight. † But he meant the murder and perpetrated it! In Act III, Sc iii, when Othello grows in a blind rage is provoked by â€Å"honest Iago’s† words, he finds every reason to kill Unfaithful Desdemona and utters, â€Å"Monstrous, monstrous!! † On hearing Cassio’s dream-mutterings on his secret affair with Desdemona, Othello got green with jealousy and anger. He saw betrayal from the cruelest possible angle. He found it terribly monstrous to be treated like that. When Emilia came talking of Desdemona’s profound love for her husband after she had been murdered, Othello lost his emotional balance and blurted, â€Å"O cursed slave! /Whip me ye devils/From the possession of this heavenly sight/Blow me about in the winds, roast me in sulphur/Wash me in steep-down gulfs of liquid fire†¦O Desdemona, Desdemona, DEAD!! †[Act V, Scii] Could we ever expect the Duke speaking in such touchy, sentimental terms after committing the murder? No, never!!!

Banning Te Novel Huck Finn From School Reading Lis Essays

Banning Te Novel Huck Finn From School Reading Lis Essays Banning Te Novel Huck Finn From School Reading Lists Banning te novel Huck Finn from school reading lists My essay deals with banning the novel Adventures of Huckleberry Finn from high school reading lists, and why this behavior is inappropriate. Specifically, it addresses the following question: Columnist James J. Kilpatrick wrote that Huck Finn is a fun book for white boys to read For black children, I have come to realize, it is a brutal slap in the face. He condemns the book because of its use of the word nigger. Many school districts have banned this book for the same reason. What are your views on this subject? Since the Civil War, racism has been a very delicate issue with the American public. Whereas some people have tried to transgress this issue, pretending that race no longer plays a significant role in our country, other people still believe that there are serious racial dilemmas in the United States. I am one these people. However, unlike some, I do not believe this problem can be solved by avoiding or sugarcoating the issue of race, as James L. Kilpatrick and several schools appear to be doing. In the novel Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Mark Twain presents an adventure story filled with deeper meanings and controversial topics, two in particular being slavery and racism. Despite the usage of the word nigger and the stereotypical portrayal of African Americans, I do not think schools have any justification in banning this book from reading lists. Mark Twain wrote Huck Finn during the Reconstruction period in the south, at a time when most Americans wanted to forget all about the institution of slavery and its consequences. However, Twain set the time period of this novel prior to the Civil War when slavery was at its peak. Thus, the racist views he included in the book mirrored the attitudes of most southerners during this time. Those that say that Huck Finn is inappropriate to be read in schools are in effect saying that a portion of United States history should not be taught in the classroom. Although slavery was one of the most horrific periods in our countries history, to make sure nothing of its caliber ever occurs again, we must make sure every high school student is aware of the ramifications of such practices. By banning an important work in U.S. history, these schools are ignoring the racial sentiments of this time period simply because the language in Huck Finn may not be appropriate. In addition, reading this novel hopefully invokes in people a sense of shame for the mistakes of our ancestors. Though the novels language may offend some, it is Africans Americans and Caucasians alike who are offended. Nobody likes to look at the word nigger nor hear it used, however, we must accept that this word was at one time considered appropriate language. Reading the novel, I was repulsed by this word and my stomach churned as I read about the ignorance and hate stored within the hearts of characters. However, I enjoyed reading this novel and gained a new perspective of life prior to the Civil War. I think that when schools ban the novel Huck Finn from their curriculum that they are in effect failing their students. Huck Finn is an excellent piece of literature, rich with history, description, and unique perspectives. By not allowing this book to be read in schools is like shutting students out from a valuable learning experience. Yes, they can still read the novel in their s pare time, but they are not afforded the privilege to discuss this book openly in class or gain new perspectives into its meaning. In addition, when African Americans refuse to read this novel they are depriving themselves of a experiencing a brilliant piece of literature. I think that until you try something, you cant attack it, or else you are showing your ignorance and stubborn nature. Twain did not write this novel to belittle the African American race or to promote the institution of slavery. Twain wrote this novel to depict life in the South prior to the Civil War. Along with this depiction are the bias and racist attitudes prevalent in South at

Fashion of Lebanon

Fashion of Lebanon Introduction In the contemporary world, fashion and design has become a major aspect of global culture. Particularly, fashion has flourished in many parts of the world. This reflects change in terms of perspectives and perceptions that fashion in the previous decades elicited. Of particular interest is fashion industry in Middle East and other parts of Asia.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Fashion of Lebanon specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite different convictions, views and culture, fashion in Middle East has thrived amid strong religious practices and resistance. This essay explores fashion industry of Lebanon. The paper will highlight some of the major fashion designers in the country and draw conclusions on whether or not Lebanese fashion has flourished. Besides, the conclusion of the paper will make a comparison between fashion industry in Lebanon and Dubai. This will not only provide a glimpse of Lebanese fashion but also enhance our knowledge on the intrinsic aspects of the country that makes its fashion industry irresistible to the rest of the world. Lebanon Fashion Designers Lebanon is renowned for exemplar fashion designers. Elie Saab is an iconic fashion designer with design shops located in Beirut and other parts of the world. Born in 1964, Saab showed keen interest in fashion and began sewing at a tender age of nine years. In 1981, Saab attended fashion and design training in Paris and gained knowledge and style that were critical for his career (Carnegy 79). He returned to Beirut where he opened a fashion and design workshop. At the age of 18, Elie Saab had already launched his label and was able to start a designer shop. His initial fashion designs included wedding gowns and dresses. He used unique fabrics to exhibit designs that represented a shift from conventional Lebanese culture to a more liberal and global-accepted culture. Despite his early ambitions, his work gained global acceptance in 1997 when he became a member of Camera Nazionale della Moda (McKelvey and Munslow 31). Consequently, he was able to ensure that his collections typify numerous fashion shows across the world. It is important to note that Elie Saab is a major fashion designer who has been able to integrate eastern and western cultures. Use of such materials such as taffeta and satin has allowed the designer to come up with light gowns and wedding dresses. This in turn has led to recognition of his designs globally. His most memorable moment was in 2002.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Saab made history when he became the first designer not only in Lebanon but also in the entire Middle East to dress an Oscar winner (McKelvey and Munslow 301). Particularly, Saab dressed Halle Berry making his designs an instant success then and in the following years. Consequently, he became a member of Chambre Syndicale de la Haute Couture in Paris (Carnegy 129). Fig 1: Some of Saab’s Elegant Designs To that end, Saab’s designs and fashion collections have become popular across the world. This in turn has allowed him to become one of the most recognized fashion designers having dressed over a hundred celebrities at the end of 2010. His business has also expanded across the region and the entire world. Particularly, he has opened over sixty outlets across the world. To diversify his collection, Saab launched his maiden perfume known as ‘Le Parfum’ in 2012. The fragrance became an instant seller. According to McKelvey and Munslow, the perfume became the best seller in over fifteen countries across the world (162). It is imperative to restate that Elie Saab is a global and impressive fashion designer. Among the celebrities he has dressed are Beyonce, Katy Perry, Christina Aguilera and Rihanna. Another renowned Lebanese fashion designer is Zuhair Murad. Unlike Saab, Murad is relatively younger having been born in 1971. He studied fashion in Paris where he achieved a degree in fashion and design. Upon his return to Lebanon, Murad opened his first shop in Beirut. He made his debut in fashion when he appeared on catwalks of Italy. His designs captured attention of many designers and became a characteristic of fashion shows in Italy. Murad has been able to sustain his collection to the satisfaction of a myriad of clients. Mainly, he specializes in ready to wear clothes, eyewear and other accessories that are pertinent to the fashion industry (Hywel 28).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Fashion of Lebanon specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although his fashion line grew in a modest rate, he has diversified his line to include lingerie and perfumes. In 2008, he opened two boutiques outside Lebanon. Like Saab, one of the shops is in Milan while the other one is located in Paris (Carnegy 67). He also has many showrooms that target fashion events such as New York Fashion Week. Fig 2: Miley Cyrus wearing one of Murad’s Designs It would be unwise not to mention major highlights of Murad’s fashion and design career. Due to his ability of fusing Western and Eastern cultures, Murad has become one of the most sought after designers by many celebrities. Particularly, he has dressed many celebrities and royalties including Christina Aguilera, Blake Lively, Miley Cyrus among many others (Hywel 70). However, his eureka moment was in 2011 when Kerry Washington wore one of his collections during Emmy Awards. It is also important to mention that princess of Saudi Arabia wore one of his collections during the royal wedding between Prince William and Kate Middleton, Duchess of Cambridge, in the same year. The most important aspect of Murad’s collection is elegance and expensive fabric. Besides, his designs incorporate different cu ltures ensuring that clients come from all over the world. As such, Murad has made a fortune in dressing actors of popular TV shows and programs. They include The X Factor, Twilight Saga and most recently, Savages. In addition, his line of fashion has been able to address numerous needs of the clients across the world. In fact, Murad’s fashion line has created a unique style in Lebanon making him one of the most terrific fashion designers. Globally, Murad has elicited recognition and appreciation. In Hollywood, his fashion collection has attracted many customers and celebrities. According to various fashion designers, Murad’s fashion collection has become a household name similar to that of Armani and D G (Hywel 172).Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He has had the privilege of appearing in many fashion-related magazines and shows including Joan Rivers’ fashion magazine show, The Fashion Police. To that end, it is important to assert that Murad has been instrumental in popularizing Lebanese fashion across the world. Reasons why Fashion in Lebanon has Flourished Lebanon’s fashion industry has flourished in the recent past owing to various factors. At the outset, Lebanon’s geopolitical position and culture are important factors that have made the fashion industry to thrive amid growing competition across the world. The rationale is that Lebanon’s location has led to the spread of Arabic and European influences in the fashion industry. As such, most fashion designs take into consideration both influences and cultures leading to a high demand for the collections. In fact, many designers describe Lebanon as the ‘Switzerland of the Middle East’ (McKelvey and Munslow 228). This fact has led to d ifferentiation and distinctiveness of Lebanese fashion from other countries across the region. In turn, Lebanese fashion has a unique style that does not reflect either Arabic or European designs. Lebanon’s fashion industry therefore integrates various cultures to make elegant and liberal clothes that are unique in the entire region. It is important to mention that Lebanon’s fashion industry has also been instrumental in maintaining historical elements of Lebanese culture. According to many designers, fashion culture of Lebanon is unique from many others. Particularly, Beirut is regarded as ‘Paris of the Orient’ in the sense that the fashion industry in the city reflects that of Paris (Hywel 30). Historians point out that the culture of the country was an important factor that has led to the massive explosion of fashion and design industry in the country. The reason is that weaving of elegant carpets, fabrics and artwork are cultural practices that the pop ulation has maintained for long (Hywel 82). To that end, culture and geopolitical positioning of Lebanon have supported growth and expansion of fashion industry within the country. Second, it is important to highlight that political instability of the country has increased the diversity of the fashion industry. Prior to the civil war, Beirut was a major fashion destination of the world. Carnegy says that the escalation of war and violence facilitated the migration of many young Lebanese to Western countries (213). In these countries, many fashion designers from the country gained training and knowledge that is important in fashion industry. For instance, Zuhair Murad fled the country amid the civil war to acquire basic and international training on fashion. Since the political instability within the country has reduced tremendously, many fashion designers who received training in European nations and America have returned to Lebanon. To that end, the designs and collections that hav e emerged in the country traverse Lebanese jurisdiction to become global brands. It is essential to emphasize that many designers who gained training outside Lebanon have been in a position to launch collections that are liberal and are generally acceptable across the world. This is contrary to fashion industries of other countries within the region that have been relatively conservative (Hywel 45). Further, government of Lebanon has appreciated and recognized the importance of fashion and design industry. The authorities have lured many young people to join fashion colleges in order to expand the small fashion industry. According to many fashion designers, Lebanon is the only country within Middle East that has enacted laws and regulation that sponsor fashion industry (Carnegy 111). Ranging from tax subsidies and export incentives, the country has protected the local fashion industry from high-end competitors. In fact, the state of Lebanon has been able to increase the number of ed ucation institutions that nurture fashion talents from a meager three to sixty seven between 2000 and 2011 (McKelvey and Munslow 221). This has acted as a major motivation for many young and talented fashion designers leading to a major explosion of young designers. In addition to protecting local fashion industry, the state has also ensured that public awareness has increased in order to create local market for fashion collections. To that end, many citizens appreciate the important role that the industry plays in the general economy of the country. McKelvey and Munslow point out that the rise of globally recognized Lebanese fashion designers has inspired numerous upcoming fashion designers in the country (93). Such renowned designers as Rana Sam, Zuhair Murad, Johnny Farah, Mr Kayrouz, Karen Cherkerdjian and Elie Saab have opened many fashion avenues that young designers can explore. Besides, the availability of quality fabrics and garments in the country has allowed designers to provide quality and elegant dresses and clothes that are competitive in the global fashion industry. As such, availability of raw materials such as satin and silk coupled with expertise and skills have enhanced the fashion industry in the country. As many people point out, it is important to mention that the liberal nature of Lebanese culture has made it distinct from other countries in the region. This is not only in terms of global recognition but also in terms of diluting stringent laws that guide regional culture.  Despite the rise of Lebanon’s fashion industry, it is important to pinpoint various challenges that have come along with the growth. Insecurity and political instability within the region have been major hiccups for the industry in the sense that the country has failed to attract and organize major fashion events. The rationale is that insecurity is not only a pertinent issue to the government of Lebanon but also an important aspect in Middle East. As such, r egional peace remains a major challenge for the growing Lebanese fashion industry. Moreover, political instability has also led to the emergence of extremist groups that perceive fashion industry as an aspect of Western culture. Such groups as Hezbollah have minimized chances of the industry to thrive amidst global competition. Due to the challenges, it is essential to mention that Lebanon’s fashion events have not received similar audience when compared to respective events in Europe and the United States. In addition, lack of sufficient financial resources and institutions are attributable to unpopularity of fashion designers. Ignorance about fashion and design is therefore overwhelming in a substantial proportion of the citizenry. Nonetheless, Lebanon’s fashion industry is the largest and most elegant in the Middle East. Many fashion designers concur with the assertion that Lebanese fashion will continue to typify major fashion events across the world. Fashion of Le banese Lebanon boasts of diversity in fashion, design, beauty and culture. This is notwithstanding adversity that has rocked the country in recent years. Fashion in particular is a major tourist attraction owing to its elegance and its association with global celebrities and royalties. In fact, many designers argue that Lebanon is home to the most diverse and liberal fashion collections. The country’s is also renowned for its finesse in the fashion industry. This does not only allow the country to attract customers across the region but also around the world (Hywel 45). Creativity is also a major component of the fashion collections in the country. In May this year, the country hosted an annual fashion festival known as Cannes Film Festival. The event was not only an opportunity for myriad of designers to display their collections but also an avenue through which the international community can appreciate the elegance and creativity of Lebanese designs. In addition, such even ts have attracted major fashion icons from all over the world. As such, it is imperative to mention that Lebanese fashion has grown in an unprecedented way and has gained recognition from other countries. Availability of special and unique skills and styles of making garments has also allowed the country to design excellent designs (Hywel 58). It is important to mention that major fashion designers in the country attract a specific clientele particularly, the affluent and wealthy members of global society. Therefore, Lebanese fashion has been associated with quality, creativity, elegance and high cost. Why is Lebanon Fashion Designers Famous in the World? Undoubtedly, Lebanese fashion designers have captured the attention of the world in the past few decades. At the outset, Lebanese designers have been able to adopt a culturally relative approach when designing, displaying and marketing their collections. The rationale is that many Arabic countries view fashion shows and designs fro m the perspective that they represent Western culture. However, the Lebanese designers make clothes and dresses that reflect unique cultures for specific clients. According to various fashion designers, culture is a strong factor that is closely associated with success or failure of finished designs. As such, Lebanese designers take into consideration the impact of cultural ethnocentrism and relativism during the process of making outfits. Second, Lebanon fashion designers are famous for the type of clients they target. Particularly, such designers as Zuhair Murad and Elie Saab have dressed global icons like Beyonce, Christina Aguilera, Halle Berry and Blake Lively among many other celebrities. Consequently, fans of the celebrities associate Lebanese fashion with elegance and style. This has not only made the fashion industry in the country to flourish but also made the designers to acquire high standing in the fashion industry. Additionally, Lebanese fashion has integrated quality and creativity to produce some of the most outstanding dresses and outfits. The quality of Lebanese silk and taffeta is unique across the world making the designers to be identified with the attributes of the country’s quality fabric (Carnegy 79). Finally, it is imperative to underscore the fact that the process of globalization has enabled the designers to traverse many countries and continents. As such, they have gained insights on the fashion needs of different societies across the world. The above-mentioned facts have therefore made designers from Lebanon to be popular and famous all over the world. Conclusion In essence, Lebanon’s fashion industry has grown tremendously over the past decades. This is evident by the number of designers that have emerged from the country. Zuhair Murad and Elie Saab are among the most renowned designers from the country. Their designs have been displayed in numerous fashion events across the world. Various reasons have led to the pop ularity and expansion of Lebanese fashion industry. They include high quality designs, availability of fabric, government incentives, famous fashion designers as well as creativity. As such, Lebanese fashion designers have dressed celebrities and royalties. While it is true that Dubai has a strong and upcoming fashion industry, Lebanon has already made its presence in the global market already. Nonetheless, the political challenges apparent in Lebanon do not affect Dubai. As such, Dubai might overtake Lebanon as the most renowned fashion destination in Asia. Carnegy, Vicky. Fashions of a Decade, New Jersey: Prentice Hall Press, 2006. Print. Hywel, Davies. 100 New Fashion Designers, New York: McGraw Hill Publishers, 2008. Print. McKelvey, Kathryn and Munslow, Janine. Fashion Design: Process, Innovation and Practice, Boston: Sage Publishers, 2011. Print.